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Q450 quadcopter (15/10/2015 build)

*** DRAFT ***

Introduction

This article is a collection of build notes for my Q450 quadcopter project.

The project is a rebuild of the Q450 quadcopter (15/03/2015 build), key changes are:

Key elements of the configuration are:

The mass of the fully populated quad is ~1200g.

Frame

The size is 460m diagonal between motor shafts and it can swing props up to about 11", though gear in the middle may limit propellers to something less. This project uses 10" propellers.

Fig 1:

Fig 1 shows the built quadcopter.

Design review

Drive system

Fig 3:

 

Fig 3 shows the characteristics similar to the the HK 1045 SF propeller. The green dots are for an operating point of 950g (9.5N) thrust at WOT for each propeller, and the indicated motor power is 114W at is 7,006RPM.

Expected hover is at around 4,500RPM for around 360g (3.6N) thrust per propeller at about 4A current for each motor. Endurance should be 10min+ on a 3Ah battery.

Implementation

The following are notes on the construction. Some issues were noted during initial build, some a little later.

Fig 4:

Fig 4 shows the FC mounted with self adhesive foam (for vibration isolation) to a small square of acrylic which is again foam mounted to the frame.

Propellers

The quad uses nominally 10"x4.5" two bladed slow fly propellers. These are available from a range of sources, and initially the cheap ABS plastic ones have been used.

Propeller mounting

The motors included propeller mounts with collets to suit the 4mm plain shafts, and M6 threaded extension for the propeller. Propellers needed to be reamed out to M6 to suit the adapters.

Power distribution

Power distribution is a Hobbyking distribution board with XT60 connector for the battery and four way 3.5mm connectors for the ESCs. As received from Hobbyking, input connector had a dry joint and disconnected during flight leading to a crash that broke two frame legs.

Naze32 / Cleanflight v1.10

Naze32 features include:

.

Table 1: Receiver connections
Channel Use FC pin Tx Comment
1 Throttle 1 Thr  
2 Roll 2 Ail  
3 Pitch 3 Ele  
4 Yaw 4 Rud  
5 Aux1 5 THR  
6 Mode D12 3POS  
7 Discovery beeper NC AIL  
8 Spare NC GEA Vibration capture

Table 1 shows the receiver connections.

Table 2: ESC connections
FC pin Motor Comment
M1 Left rear  
M2 Left front  
M3 RIght rear  
M4 RightLeft front  

Table 2 shows the ESC connections. Connection protocol is 115,200,8,n,1.

Table 3: Bluetooth connections
Bluetooth pin FC pin Comment
Vcc +5
Gnd Gnd  
Rx Tx  
Tx Rx  

Table 3 shows the Bluetooth connections.

 

 Fig 5:
 

Fig 5 shows the configuration tool sensor screen with the quad hovering but loosely held in the hand. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the residual vibration sensed by the board.

Receiver

Fig 6:

 

Figs 6 shows the FrSKY V8FR-II HV receiver receiver.

Bluetooth

An inexpensive Hextronix Bluetooth module was connected for field tuning purposes using a smartphone app. The module was configured for name Q21, 115,200bps, 8n1.

ESC

The F-30A ESCs were upgraded to tgy (SimonK) bootloader + tgy bs_nfet.hex firmware.

Current version: 1e4c01782eff85da3971f628a3bd599b7a0725eb bs_nfet_mw.hex 18/10/15

For this application:

.equ MOTOR_ADVANCE = 15 ; Degrees of timing advance (0 - 30, 30 meaning no delay)
.equ TIMING_OFFSET = 0 ; Timing offset in microseconds (max 4096µs)

Motor

The motors are Turnigy D2836-8 1100Kv brushless DC motor, specifications:

Battery: 2~4 Cell /7.4~14.8V
RPM: 1100kv
Max current: 18A
No load current: 1A
Max power: 336W
Internal resistance: 0.107 ohm
Weight: 70g (including connectors)
Diameter of shaft: 4mm
Dimensions: 28x36m
Prop size: 7.4V/11x7 14.85V/7x3
Max thrust: 1130g

The D2836-8 enclosed leaflet Kv=950, the motor measures 1120Kv on 3S.

Battery

Zippy 3S 3000mAh 20/30C.

Voltage detector

A Turnigy TGV-Detector was used to warn of low battery. Several of these were purchased, and they are fitted with a 2.54mm shunt to go on 2mm pitch header pins resulting in a loose and intermittent / unreliable connection. More Hobbyking quality!

The TGV-Detector was fitted with a 2mm shunt, and it performs reliably though at the first audible alarm it is vital to get the quad down within 15s, it isn't much of an early warning.

Measurements

Drive system

A static thrust test was conducted at 10V (low limit for a 3S battery). Experience is that a quadcopter needs 2g excess thrust to safely and quickly land at the low battery limit. Since the craft mass is 1200g, its gravitational force is ~12N, and 300% thrust is 36N, 9 per propeller. Static thrust was measured at 9.2N on 10V @ 19.2A (per motor), 7250RPM. Total current of 80A from a 3Ah battery requires a 30C battery.

Hover will require about 3N and that was achieved on 10V @ 4A (per motor), 4250RPM. At a total hover current of 16A (worst case), endurance on a 3Ah battery should be about 12min.

Fig 7:
 

Fig 7 shows a test of the quad at 12.0V. There was 0.6A current drawn by the four ESCs and FC with the motor OFF, so 0.6A needs to be deducted from the figures in the graph.

Expected hovering rpm is around 4,300, avg motor current consumption was 17.5-0.6=16.9A.

A series of full stick accelerations was conducted, and current peaked at 72A, rpm peaked at 7,600.

Fig 8:
 

Fig 8 shows static measurement of current and thrust and current of a single motor at 10.0V.

Crash damage

Crash damage has mostly been to the propellers which seem reasonably robust... but they are breakable.

A couple of spare frames were purchased to provide spares. 

Further experiments

 

 

Links / References

Changes

Version Date Description
1.01 15/03/2015 Initial.
1.02    
1.03    
1.04    
1.05    

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